I’m going to preface this by saying that this is part of a conversation that how to do with finding factoids out about history. I had an example that had to do with the book of Job. I’m well aware of the controversy surrounding it’s authenticity. It’s very long and not anywhere near finished. but it provides a lot of structural information about a biblical story and some historical stuff. if anyone wants to look it up there’s names and stuff so that it is easier. You can go look up the Stella’s and the inscriptions yourself and on your own time.
According to the King James Bible, the three “friends” that sat down with Job were named: Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad, the Shuhite, and Zophar, the Naamathite. Job 2:11
I just so happened to be reading the Greek Septuagint and listening to the King James Version on audio and found what appeared to be a discrepancy: Job 2:11 of the Greek Septuagint text reads as follows:
Now his three friends having heard of all the evil that was come upon him, came to him each from his own country: Eliphaz, the king of the Thaemans, Baldad, the Sovereign of the Saucheans, and Sophar, king of the Minaeans.
I had never heard of the “friends” of Job being kings. If three kings sit down with a third man and mourn for 7 days without eating or talking, who is that fourth man?
Certainly he is not a commoner. Job had to be someone important too! This one verse changed the scope of the story for me, and what seemed like a discrepancy made me investigate it.
Teman (Idumea, Edom, Yemen, Yaman) was an ancient town of Arabia Petraea in the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. Yemenite Jews were called Temanim in Hebrew.
Teman, the city was named after Eliphaz’s son Teman.
The Bible states that Eliphaz is Esau’s firstborn son by his Canaanite wife, Basemath (Adah) the daughter of Elon, the Hittite. Genesis 36:1-4
The Canaanites had some pretty atrocious practices. They even would burn their own children alive as burnt offerings (Jeremiah 19:5) I don’t even want to imagine what a few generations of people who thought roasting their children was holy.
The Hittites, in particular went around worshipping rocks as manifestation of deity. Genesis 26:34,35 relates that Esau’s wives gave his parents, Isaac and Rebekah great anxiety over their practices.
So, Esau married a third wife that did not believe in these ways or follow these practices named Mahalath. She was the daughter of Ishmael, the first born son of the patriarch Abraham and his Egyptian wife, Hagar.
The second son of Esau and his accepted wife, Mahalath was Reuel. Reuel was the father of an Edomite chief of Ethiopia named, Zerah Genesis 36:17. Zerah was the son of Tamar and Judah. Zerah was also the father of Jobab ben Zerah (Job) Genesis 36:33
So, Eliphaz was Job’s half-grandfather and Esau’s firstborn son, but Job was descended from a line that was acceptable to both Edomites and the Hebrews.
That is why Yemenite Jews are called true Arabs.
The trade route was the life blood of the ancient world. If one thinks of the internet as an invisible extension-it still is. In the ancient word, if you did not have some connection to trade, you could and probably would die. ![http://www.ancientcultures.net/images/Incense%20route%20map.GIF]()
![A strange drawing found in Sinai could undermine our entire idea of Judaism - Israel News - Haaretz.com]()
Kuntillet Ajrud, is in north Sinai; carbon-14 dating indicates occupation in the period 801-770 BCE, and the texts may have been written c.800 BCE.
As a perennial water source in this arid region it constituted an important station on an ancient trade route connecting the Gulf of Aqaba (an inlet of the Red Sea) and the Mediterranean, and was in addition located only 50 kilometers from the major oasis of Kadesh Barnea.
Kuntillet Ajrud was excavated in 1975/76 by Tel Aviv University archaeologist Ze’ev Meshel, although the report wasn’t published until 2002.The fortress-like main building contained various paintings and inscriptions on the walls and on two large water-jars (pithoi), one found in each room. Testing revealed that pots from the site revealed clay exclusive to Jerusalem was used to make items found very far away.
The paintings on the pithoi show various animals, stylised trees, and human figures, some of which may represent deities.
The iconography is entirely Syrian/Phoenician and lacks any connection to the Egyptian models commonly found in Iron Age IIB Israel art.
![https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ajrud.jpg/220px-Ajrud.jpg]()
Painting on a jar found at Kuntillet Ajrud, under the inscription “Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah”
The inscriptions are mostly in early Hebrew with some in Phoenician script. Many are religious in nature, invoking Yahweh, El and Baal. Two inscriptions include the phrases “Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah” and “Yahweh of Teman and his Asherah.”
People that worshipped Baal practiced child sacrifice also, a practice that God hates.
![Survival in the Desert - DesertUSA]()
I mention this because I never realized it, and it is very important to understanding the story and finding historical evidences to support what you are reading in the Bible. Remember the trade routes. They make their silent influence known throughout the Bible.
When Bela son of Beor (Peor) died, Jobab moved from Bozrah in Syria to Uz (Ausis, between Idumea (Edom) and Arabia) to be king in his stead. Genesis 36:33.
(Ancient Bosra)
The Shuhites were the Sabeans. The Sabeans, Seba are the people of Sheba. Sheba was the son of Joktan and the grandson of Eber. (Genesis 10:28) Most people know about the Queen of Sheba in the time of Solomon. The Yemeni capital of Sheba was Marib. Marib was a popular stop because of its abundant spices.
It makes a lot more sense to me now why the Queen of Sheba would travel all the way from her capital in Ethiopia to Jerusalem with a caravan of camels bearing a huge amount of stones, gold, and spices which she exchanged with King Solomon before returning to Ethiopia (1Kings 10:1,10, ii Chronicles 9:1-9) She was solidifying trade route alliances. Jerusalem and Axum were important trade stops. After receiving its goods from Ethiopia and Yemen via the ports in southern Yemen, Somalia, also traded with the entire world
Ethiopia had several goods that were exclusive to the area, particularly the type of incense that was used in almost every sort of religious ritual. Looking up what goods, types of stone, textiles, and pottery styles, architecture, jewelry, written language, and coins are a good way of finding historical locations and people
![Frankincense And Myrrh - The Incenses Of Legends And Romance From 'Arabia The Fortunate']()
The Bible also tells us that the descendants of Jokshan lived a maurading lifestyle in the country bordering Job. (Ezekiel 38:13)
Seba in Yemen
The Book of Job 1:13-15, tells us that the Sabeans attacked and killed Job’s servants and stole his life stock, leaving just one witness to alive to tell Job.
Bildad, the Yemenite sovereign of Sheba was one of Job’s “friends”. He was a descendant of Shuah, the son of Abraham and Keturah (Genesis 25:1)
As sovereign of the Sabeans, he would have known of what happened to Job at the hand of his own people. The Book of Job tells us in the first chapter that Job was a righteous man according to God.
Even so, Bildad was still the first person to attribute Job’s calamity to the wickedness, citing his deceased children as the cause, knowing that his own men had done part of the injury that befell Job. (Job 8:4)
According to the Book of Job, Teman (the kingdom that was ruled by Jobab’s half-grandfather Eliphaz) controlled Saba.
Eliphaz, Job’s grandather was the first person to call Job a liar, deserving of what befell him. He even said a spirit talked to him in the night and condemned Job, knowing all-the-while that the robbing and killing committed against Job were done under his ultimate jurisdiction.
Job 2:11 of the Greek Septuagint (LXX), calls the third “friend”: Sophar, king of the Mineans.
The Mineans were the inhabitants of the kingdom of Mai’in. Ma’in was under the control of Saba: The same people that had stolen from Job and killed his servants. So, Mai’in was controlled by Saba, who was controlled by Saba, who was controlled by the king of Teman: Job’s half-grandfather, Eliphaz.
The Minean (Mai’in) people were one of four ancient Yemeni factions according to the Greek polymath and historian Eratosthenes (276-195/194 BC) ![Offering table As-Sawda, Yemen Minaic inscription Bronze Louvre Museum, France AO 31930 | Ancient near east, Ancient art, Louvre museum]()
The others were the Sabeans (Marib), Hadramites (capital city of Shabwa), and Qatabanians (Timna).
(Temanite inscription
So, the three royal “friends” of Job were actually relatives that were not friendly at all.
It makes more sense why Job would proclaim to them:
Neither will your reproof cause me to cease my words, for neither will I endure the sound of your speech. Even because you attack the fatherless and insult your friend. (Job 6:26,27)
![Map of Arabia at 200AD | TimeMaps]()
The capital cities of these factions were located near to each other instead of in the center of the states, unlike modern capital cities. This is because the factions acted as a tribal confederacy.
The Minean people were notable for their trade influence. Their rule reached as far as Dedan and their trade influence was even seen on the Aegean Sea. Incriptions found at Qanawu mention several major caravan stations along the trade route, including Yathrib (Medina, one of Islam’s three holiest cities) and Gaza.
The Minean king and his council were the only one involved with lawmaking. In Ma’in, the council of elders represented the priesthood as well as families of high social class. The kings were not just ruler, they were priest kings. The Minaeans were divided into groups of various sizes, led by a very high official called the kabīr, who was in charge of one or sometimes all of the trading posts.
Job 6:15- My nearest relations have not regarded me; they have passed me by like a failing brook, or like a wave.
They who used to reverence me, now have come against me like snow or congealed ice.
When it has melted at the approach of heat, it is not known what it was.
Thus I also have been deserted of all; and am ruined an am become an outcast.
Behold the Temanites, ye that mark the paths of the Sabeans.